The Character of Daisy in Henry James Daisy Miller Essay -- Henry Jam

What is the purpose of Daisy in the novel Daisy Miller by Henry James? Why did James create such a beguiling and bewildering character? Since the publication of Jamess novel in 1878, Daisy has worn several labels, among them flirt, innocent, and American Girl. Daisys representation of an American Girl of the late 19th century is evident. Her free-spiritedness and identity element reflect the social movement of the American middle-class. The question of Daisys innocence, however, remains unanswered. One of the most interesting aspects about Daisy is her distance from the reader. The reader is not given rise to power to Daisys inner thoughts or emotions. Instead, the reader must observe Daisy through the limited perception of her would-be lover, Frederick Winterbourne. Although Daisys psyche is a mystery, her relationship with Winterbourne reveals her true purpose in the novel. Daisy is a failed catalyst, or an agent of change. She offers Winterbourne spontaneity, freedom and love. In other words, through daisy, Winterbourne has an opportunity to change. But Winterbourne rejects her and thus Daisy fails as a catalyst. Ironically, by rejecting Daisy, Winterbourne fails himself. One stylus in with Daisy fails as an agent of change is that she is a member of the newly rich American middle-class. Winterbourne, however, is a member of the Europeanized American class who are, as Ian F. A. cost notes, only slightly less nouveau (newly rich) than the mercantilist Millers (Reeve 23). These Europeanized Americans, aptly represented by Winterbournes aunt, reject Daisy and her family because they want to retain their higher position on the social ladder. Ironically, Daisy Miller may have been accepted ... ...ublishers, 1990. Graham, Kenneth. Henry James A Literary Life. Houndsmills, England MacMillan Press Ltd. , 1995. Hocks, Richard A. Henry James A Study of the Short Fiction. Twaynes Studies in Short Fiction. capital of Massachusetts Twayne Publishers, 1990. Ja mes, Henry. Daisy Miller A Study. The Heath Anthology of American Literature. 3rd ed. Vol. 2 Eds. Paul Lauter and Richard Yarborough. Boston Houghton Mifflin Company, 1998. 452-92. 2 vols. Pollak, Vivian R., ed. New Essays on Daisy Miller and The Turn of the Screw. The American fabrication Series. New York Cambridge University Press, 1993. Reeve, N. H., ed. Henry James The Shorter Fiction. Houndsmills, England MacMillan Press Ltd., 1997. Scheiber, Andrew J. Embedded Narrations of Science and Culture in Jamess Daisy Miller. College Literature 21.2 (1994) 75-88.

The Sun Also Rises 5 Essay -- essays research papers fc

Brett Ashley Whore or HerioneAfter a thorough reading and in-depth analyzation of Ernest Hemingways riveting novel The Sun Also Rises, the character of Brett Ashley may be seen in a number of different ways. While some critics such as Mimi Reisel Gladstein view Brett as a Circe or bitch-goddess, others such as Carol H. Smith see Brett as a woman who has been emotionally broken by the world around her. I tend to agree with the latter(prenominal) of these views, simply because of the many tragedies that befell Brett. She is a heroine who, despite being wounded by love and war, continues to pursue true love.Mimi Reisel Gladstein does make an excellent case for Brett as a modern-day Circe or bitch-goddess. Brett is a . . . drunkard, a nymphomaniac, or a Circe who turns workforce into swine. . . (58). She has this transforming effect on several men throughout the course of the novel. Because of her extreme physical beauty, men such as Robert Cohn and Mike Campbell place Brett on a pede stal where she can do no wrong. Robert offers himself to Brett, then follows her around as if on a leash, sniveling and squealing as if he were swine (58). While Brett saunters around on her sexual escapades, she does not take into account the feelings of Jake, the man who truly loves her, because he is unable to replete her sexual needs. Brett does bother with Jakes frustrations she uses him only as an emotional support to fall back on when the flings leave her emotionally unsatisfied. Bretts bitchery is fully revealed by her treatment of Jake. . . he truly loves her but she uses Jake to get the emotional fix she cannot find is sexual union . . . this is ironic since she would most likely find both if Jake were fully functional (59). By looking at her treatment of Robert Cohn, Mike Campbell, and Jake Barnes, Brett could easy be seen as a self-centered, promiscuous nymphomaniac whose quest for love destroys men but leaves her comparatively unharmed. As Carol Smith points out, howev er, . . . analyzing Brett in terms of bitch-goddess or Terrible Mother does not do justice to her (55). Smiths quotation is well-founded. Hemingway has done much much with the character of Brett than it may seem. She is a good woman the world has broken . . . a complex woman who has endured much (55). T... ...pWorks CitedBardacke, Theodore. Hemingways Women 1950, Ernest Hemingway The Man and His Work. Ed. John K. McCaffery (Cleveland World Publishing, 1950), pp. 342-44. Rpt. in Brett Ashley. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York G.K. star sign and Co., 1995. pp.12-13.Gladstein, Mimi Reisel, Hemingway, The Indestructible Woman in Faulkner, Hemingway, and Steinbeck. (Ann Arbor, UMI Research Press, 1986), pp. 59, 62. Rpt. in Critical Essays on Earnest Hemingways The Sun Also Rises, ed. pack Nagel. New York G.K. Hall and Co., pp.58, 59.Hemingway, Ernest. The Sun Also Rises. New York Simon and Schuster, 1926.Smith, Carol H., Women and the Loss of Eden, Ernest Hemingway The Writer in Context, Ed . James Nagel (Madison University of Wisconsin Press, 1984), pp132-4. Rpt. in Critical Essays on Earnest Hemingways The Sun Also Rises, ed. James Nagel. New York G.K. Hall and Co., 1995. 54-

Marvell Vs Herrick Essay -- essays research papers

During the 17th century the style of writing was changing from meters about remainder to ones whose subject was about living life to its fullest extent. This kind of writing was also known as carpe diem. Robert Herrick and Andrew Marvell were two of the first carpe diem poets. Although their styles were similar their subjects differed. both(prenominal) Marvell and Herrick apply metaphors in their writing. In To His Coy Mistress, Marvell writes, Had we but adult male enough, and time, This coyness lady were no crime,(414). This is a metaphor saying that if they had all the time in the world to spend together that he would not be so worried about getting married right away. Herrick says in To the Virgins to Make Much of Time, And this equivalent flower that smiles today Tomorrow will be dying,(416). This means that whatever man likes a girl today, tomorrow may like somebody else. Both Marvell and Herricks poems are in the form of an argument, they are trying to convince the young women in the poems to forget their morals and live life like it should be lived. Both poets also used personification in their writing. Marvell personifies youth by comparing it to a drop of dew, Now therefore, while the youthful hew position on thy skin like morning dew, (415). Here he is saying that like dew youth does not stay around forever. In Herricks poem he gives the sun life-like qualities in the line, The glorious lamp of heaven, the sun, The higher he...

Argumentative Paper: Legalizing Euthanasia -- Assisted Suicide

Most tribe do not like to talk or even think about death oft less the proposition of ending superstars own life. However, for some, death is a desired alternative to living in agony. Euthanasia has been a topic of debate since antiquity, and both sides stand firm on their beliefs. The right to choose death is illegal in most countries. I believe in peoples freedom to do what they please with their own bodies. The basic right of liberty is what America was founded on. Euthanasia should be a legal option. Its master(prenominal) to start by understanding the different types of euthanasia. Allowing someone to die is, Forgoing or withdrawing medical treatment that offers no hope of benefit to the total eudaimonia of the patient, or that imposes burdens disproportionate to the potential benefits, allows the patient to die (Manning 2). Traditionally called passive euthanasia, allowing someone to die was redefined by and is acceptable in the Catholic Church. Active euthanasia , overly known as physician-assisted suicide, is when someone other than the patient ends the life of the patient upon explicit request. I view active and passive euthanasia to be one in the same with one very real difference allowing someone to die delays the inevitable and the patient is left to twist and turn for awhile longer. gibe Chesterfield comments, A terminally ill, mentally competent patient like me should not be forced to suffer. This is as morally unacceptable as murder (qtd. In Friedman 8). On the other hand, The phrase mercy killing refers to someones taking a direct action to terminate a patients life without the patients permission (Thiroux and Krasemann 184). Mercy killing is the form of euthanasia that must be properly monitored and consist... ...ties Toward Physician- Assisted Death An Exploratory judicial decision of the Vulnerability Argument, Journal of Disability Policy Studies, vol. 16, no. 1, Summer 2005. Print.Manning M.D., Michael. Euthanasia and Phy sician-Assisted Suicide Killing or Caring? Mahwah Paulist Press, 1998. Print. Nordqvist, Christian. What Is Euthanasia. Medical News Today. MediLexicon International, 26 Sept. 2014. Web. 05 may 2015. .Sharma, Shweta. Euthanasia Debate Rekindled on Right to Die for the Terminally Ill. Health and Wellness Resource Center. Mel, 3 Aug. 2014. Web. 05 May 2015. Snyder, Carrie L. Euthanasia Opposing Viewpoints. Farmington Hills Bonnie Szumski, 2006. Print. Thiroux, Jacques P. and Kevin W. Krasseman. ethics Theory and Practice. Upper Saddle River Prentice Hall, 2012. Print.

English As A Second Language Education Essay examples -- Educational M

side As A Second Language pedagogy When the English as a second language learner (ESL) or the English language learner (ELL) students have achieved English proficiency, it helps students to develop their go steadying of maths. Students indeed effectively use mathematical tools, charts, patterns and other strategies, as well as their prior learning experiences to make connections to solve related problems. The majority are satisfactory to transfer their manipulative exploration to solving problems with pencil and paper. Students use multiple solutions and strategies when they solve problems. They express their mathematical thinking through with(predicate) drawing, writing, and speaking. Students socialize their intelligence through playing games and taking part in opportunities for team or pair work, when they explain their thinking. Upper grade students often find it difficult to discuss or write in mathematical terms, even after they have been given multiple opportunities to investigate.In order to make schematic connections, instruction must be meaningful (in a language students can understand) and relevant (relating to students prior knowledge). Meaningful contains native language or sheltered English. Relevant contains culturally and/or experientially familiar. English language development that is integrated with developing knowledge about, for example, American school life and procedures, is usually a more effective way of proceeding than entirely focusing on English language (Duff, 2001). The activities, tasks, and problems that students encounter should be accessible to students with a wide range of knowledge and skills. That is, students with diverse backgrounds should be able to understand what is required, make meaningful ... ...erse Students.http//www.sofweb.vic.edu.au/lem/esl/evce.html.Lass, M. J. (1988). Suggestions from research for improving mathematics instruction forbilinguals. School Science and Mathematics, 88, 480-486.McKeon, Den ise & Samway, Katharine. (1999). Myths and Realities Best practice forlanguage minority students. Heinemann.Perkins, Cathy. Equity in mathematics assessment for English as a second languagestudents. The University of Georgia. Summer 1995.http//jwilson.coe.uga.edu/EMT705/EMT705.Perkins.html.Raborn, Diane. Bilingual Education Journal. Mathematics for students with learning disabilities from language-minority backgrounds recommendations for teaching. NY, V10, pp. 25-33. Summer 1995.Seceda,Walter G. Teaching mathematics for understanding to bilingual students.http//www.ncela.gwu.edu/pathways/immigration/mathematics.htm.

English As A Second Language Education Essay examples -- Educational M

English As A Second Language Education When the English as a second speech learner (ESL) or the English language learner (ELL) students have achieved English proficiency, it helps students to develop their understanding of mathematics. Students then effectively use mathematical tools, charts, patterns and other strategies, as well as their prior learning experiences to make connections to solve related problems. The majority are able to transfer their manipulative exploration to solving problems with pencil and paper. Students use nine-fold solutions and strategies when they solve problems. They express their mathematical thinking through drawing, writing, and speaking. Students socialize their intelligence through playing games and taking part in opportunities for team or agree work, when they explain their thinking. Upper grade students often find it difficult to discuss or write in mathematical terms, even after they have been attached multiple opportunities to investigate .In order to make schematic connections, management must be meaningful (in a language students can understand) and relevant (relating to students prior knowledge). important contains native language or sheltered English. Relevant contains culturally and/or experientially familiar. English language development that is integrated with developing knowledge about, for example, American schooling life and procedures, is usually a more effective way of proceeding than simply focusing on English language (Duff, 2001). The activities, tasks, and problems that students encounter should be genial to students with a wide range of knowledge and skills. That is, students with diverse backgrounds should be able to understand what is required, make meaningful ... ...erse Students.http//www.sofweb.vic.edu.au/lem/esl/evce.html.Lass, M. J. (1988). Suggestions from research for improving mathematics instruction forbilinguals. School Science and Mathematics, 88, 480-486.McKeon, Denise & Samway, Kat harine. (1999). Myths and Realities Best practice forlanguage minority students. Heinemann.Perkins, Cathy. Equity in mathematics assessment for English as a second languagestudents. The University of Georgia. Summer 1995.http//jwilson.coe.uga.edu/EMT705/EMT705.Perkins.html.Raborn, Diane. Bilingual Education Journal. Mathematics for students with learning disabilities from language-minority backgrounds recommendations for teaching. NY, V10, pp. 25-33. Summer 1995.Seceda,Walter G. Teaching mathematics for understanding to bilingual students.http//www.ncela.gwu.edu/pathways/immigration/mathematics.htm.

Facial characteristics Essay

Presently, first and initial impressions had been based chiefly on seventh cranial nerve appearance. This brought about social stereotyping. Facial characteristics with great emphasis on dental characteristics frequently turn out to be a most important quandary in life adjustment (Profitt, 2000). Children were brought to orthodontic treatments by their parents for the purpose that the childs facial manifestations will be within normal range. Adults also render orthodontic treatments because of the same reason (Profitt, 2000). I was just amazed that Student A mentioned removal of 4 premolars which is a common practice to obtain arrant(a) teeth alignment.It also mentioned perseverings not being concerned of how they would appear as long as their teeth will look great and lined up greatly. Although Student A emphasized that as much as possible removal of these premolars were avoided in his practice as studies nowadays revealed that this can make the patient look older since it cause s a sunken face appearance, I doubt that patients will ever go for this cognitive process. Facial appearance is being criticized mainly on soft tissue contours. The alignment of the maxillary incisors as well as its association with the teeth, the lips, nose, and chin are crucial in having an enormous good flavor appearance.With regards to the use of temporary anchorage devices (TADs), I think this procedure should be more practiced by dental surgeons. The procedure is easily carried out not to mention being a painless method. As long as there is no screw application to the oral and maxillary bony tissues, this procedure is deemed to have a good result. A minute stress value was found as well as a small percentage bump of lesions of the anatomical structures when screws were used to the bony tissues (Biotech Week, 2009).a

A Dream – creative writing

One by one we stepped of the bus after a comfortable quietus on the red beds situated at the end of the bus. I was last to get gain, I had a feeling of perpetual tiredness in my legs, I felt shaky and nervous. At first I couldnt think virtually what I was going to do on the pitch, all I archetype about was after the match. As we walked d hold the tunnel, I saw framed pictures of legends such as Bobby Charlton, Denis Law and Eric Cantona. The sense of I could be one of them filled my give up head full of impossible thoughts. The tunnel was painted red and exsanguinous, our mansion colours, the colours of victory.It was very long all you could see in the darkness was the stinker at the end of the tunnel like little green spikes they stuck out of the ground with light catching glimpse of their strong straight tree trunk. The smell of the muddled grass from d induce the tunnel went up my nose and soon r separatelyed my brain to intensify my nerves even more. It was quite a walk down to the home changing rooms. On the way I was greeted by many enthusiastic fans but instead of helping me, this made me even shakier and plunge further into my lethargy. I couldnt understand this as I had plainly had a two-hour nap.I silently entered the freezing cold changing rooms, which were supposedly painted white to give each player a calm feeling, checked my watch and looked around. I felt numb, the feeling of expectation had got to me, the blood in my body began to freeze and I couldnt perk anything. After a few moments the old cartridge clipr put his arms around me and I came out of my mood. All the players were lively, each one getting changed, concentrating on their own thoughts and weird pre-match rituals and superstitions. All focused on the one thing that really mattered winning.When everyone was ready, the chieftain started talk. He said that we be should our best and all other things a managers says to make their players comfortable. To be honest with you I wasnt listening somehow the things he said just went into one ear and out of the other like an elephant talking to a cat. All I listened to was the roars and scream of the passionate fans hold who started on their usual tones. I think the gaffer new I wasnt concentrating. He dead walked towards me and patted me on the back with his warm, big-palmed hands. As he did this I felt a big burden on my back.I felt as If I was carrying a big box full of millions of hopes and desires. As we walked out of the changing rooms we were joined by the away team, who all looked irregular. I was the captain for today so I was at the front of the team. The captain for the away team looked serious he was tall with broad shoulders, had scruffy pitch blackness hair, had a cold white face like a newly chilled corpse and stank of rubber. Funny I perceive he had two go away feet. Now adrenaline had kicked in and excitement had begun. We started slowly walking out to the stadium and soon we got faster and faster until we were jogging.The crowd was ecstatic. The stadium was jam-packed and all I could see was a sea of newsflash bulbs from the photographers. The crowd started chanting my name and soon a feeling of nausea from the grass hit me hard. I walked slowly to the centre circle, with the clump at my feet. I looked at the other team, they all looked serious and some looked at me with spite. All of their players were bigger than us almost Herculean in stature, most of them had short black hair and muscled legs like an army of action-man dolls. I took my feet kill the clump and put my worn out boots into the soft, sturdy green grass.Everyone was in their positions and the sing was blown, we were off The whistle went and it was half time, we were 2-0 down and everybody was disappointed. In the changing rooms, it was very quiet. Not really because of anyone but because of our performance, we were cosmos stuffed. No-one was talking. The gaffer didnt lay into us. He didnt hav e to. We all knew we were performing rubbish. It was now going to be like a cat and mouse chase. The expression on each players face said it all really. I was just thinking of what I was going to do. Could I pull it off? Could I do the unimaginary?Could I.. I couldnt understand why we were playacting so ill but I had an epiphany, it must be because of their lazy useless captain not giving enough co-occurrence. me I was going to pull it off I told myself. I was going to do the unimaginary. I was going to I gave a huge shout of encouragement to all the players like a commandant rallying his weary troops. I slowly turned my head to face the other team. They all looked happy, as if this was a stroll in the park, as if they thought it was all wrapped up, as if they thought they had me all worked out, but had they?The whistle blew once more and we were off It was the 80th minute and we scored. It was better late than never. The ball rattled the net, and bounced on the floor a few time s like a bouncy ball waiting to be caught. The crowd went mad. The player, who scored, picked up the ball after a little melee with the goalie who tried to stop him. He jogged back to the centre circle with the ball, with one hand in the air, appreciating the support the fans were giving him. The whistle was blown once more and we were off again The final whistle went it was 2-2. We scored in the last dying seconds of the match.All content with ourselves we trudged off to the gaffer and sat down on the pitch. I still couldnt get my head around the smell of the grass, warm and comforting like high summers. The gaffer sent all the coaches to massage the life back to our limbs. I could see that even the fans were tired, hoarse and emotional from their unswerving enthusiasm, as most of their voices had now gone(a)(p) from all the shouting, but I guessed it had helped as we were still in this match. Now the tables had turned, as I looked at the other team, they were all tired and didnt have a grin on their face any more.The whistle was blown louder than before this time and again we kicked-off Extra-time ended and scores were still 2-2 and everyone looked dead beat. We kept face at the referee as we just wanted this to end. We were under pressure and running panicky. Many times I thought it might be oer but I still kept my head held high as I thought I had done a pretty good job, being the captain of a previously sinking ship, though with my skill, we had avoided the metaphorical iceberg. As we were walking back to the referee, the players had their heads down, as if they were out of this.I guess this was mostly because of what was to follow, penalties The gaffer had a little notebook and pencil in his hand as he was going round asking each player if they wanted to defecate a penalty, it reminded me of what had happened last time I was here. Most of them just stood still and were too shocked and scared to say anything. Although he never came around to me, I wa s on the list. I guess I had to take one, or be blamed if we lost. They missed one and scored the rest, we had scored all our penalties up to now.Their fans had now got restless and started booing their own team it showed how fickle 56,000 fans rout out be in times of need. Their manager looked disappointed, for all the training they had put in, wasnt going to help. One more player was unexpended to take a penalty me, if it went in, we won, and if it didnt then more penalties would follow. I slowly started making my way to the ball. Half way, I stalled, I stood still but it seemed time had stood still. This time there was no-one near to put their arms around me to help me to come out of this mood again.My whole body froze and cold chills were sent to my brain. I looked forward and all I could see was the goalie looking nervous, billboards gaudily advertising a shirt brand and the thousands of faceless fans. Fans were screaming and shouting my name, I felt proud to be leading my te am. My boots were frozen into the soft ground. No blood was felt at my toes and my knees were giving way as if my fit and tones body had been replaced by an arthritic and wizened shell. I couldnt stand any longer. There was no life left in my body. I was nervous I was scared as I was remembering the last penalty shoot-outs.I had walked steadily to the ball and had concentrated on where I was going to kick it. The goalkeeper had gone the right way and my shot was stopped to the delight of the away supporters. They had won the cup. This was the same match, the same cup, the same away team, but would it be the same outcome. I returned to the present. My stomach was still frozen searching for any water left in my parched body, any lifeline left to give, any blood left to melt. My neck wouldnt twitch and my Adams apple felt frozen, I couldnt speak as my mouth was so dry that I felt my lips were being savaged off.My head was secure my face was pure cold white and my brain full of ghastly thoughts (I still couldnt get over what had happened the last time I was here). The fans started making their voices heard even more by intensifying the stadium with their passion, something not many people can give, something precisely a true fan possesses. Nerve receptors in my body didnt know which way to flow and no warm blood could be felt anywhere around my body except my ears. Even they wouldnt twitch, only the sound of screaming entered my ears, the sound I had heard many times throughout my lifetime.As a child I was abused by my knock-down-and-drag-out father, who beat me every time I lost a match. Thats why football is my life. It has always meant everything I would scream in my bedroom but my commence was too scared to do anything about it, she too couldnt stand in my fathers way. It took me until I was sixteen to stand up to him and kick him out of the house. I was bullied in school for not having a father, for not having many friends, for not having any football tal ent. I used to be called footballer wannabe this infuriated me so more than that all I concentrated on throughout my school years was football.And now what can those measly kids say to me, captain of a famous team, playing in a cup-final. Again my mind returned to the present. My body still stalled me, I didnt know what to do, either to let my knees give way, or stand there waiting for a lifeline to be found from the empty abyss Suddenly I heard the gaffer shout come on ma lad, you can do it. I woke of this terrible moment and blood started to flow again around my body. I coolly walked up to the ball, stepped back a few paces and ran as fast as I could towards the ball, hit it as hard as possible and stare. The ball rotated in mid-air and travelled towards the goal..

Impact of New Media on Society – Smartphones

Impact of New Media on Society Smartphones The term new-fangled media is one that is constantly evolving, and on a daily basis, encompassing more as rise as newer and innovative elements in it. In the broadest sense, it is the opposite of traditional media, which includes print, television and film, and radio. According to New Media Basics, new media is essenti all in ally interactive, and it includes a host of communication mechanisms that revolve around the internet, and include elements such as e-mail, social networks, websites, blogs, online videos and pictures etc.And new media also includes new media devices and technologies such as laptops, tablets, mobile phones, i-pods, and a host of other devices, which also includes smartphones, the main emphasis of this paper. New media tools have enabled increased collaboration between people across the world, and has so accelerated the pace and reach of globalization. It has allowed an unparalleled connectivity with coarsespread in formation, and most signifi plundertly, it has allowed for creativity, inventions and inno vations, as well as entrepreneurship.This paper will focus on the impact of smartphones on society, focusing on the education, business, health and government sectors, as well as on an individuals personal life. It will weigh the argument from seven-fold sides, with the support of theories put forth by specialists and theorists within this realm. The IBM Simon, released in 1993, was the first ever smartphone distinguishn to man. This propelled Nokia and Ericsson into the creation of their own superior versions, the Communicator and GS88 respectively.It was in 2002 when the smartphones as we know them came into being with the Pocket PC, Palm OS and most significantly, the first Blackberry 5810. It was after this point that smartphones began to flood the market, with Apples I-Phone line, the Google Android, the Motorola Droids, HTCs, and the Samsung line of smartphones. Smartphones have had a dizzying and echoing impact on society, with its forces being felt in nearly both aspect of life. In regards to reach and richness, no doubt it is wide spread, and rich in content, options, nettleibility etc. According to Colin Dean Murphy of University ?of? KwaZulu?Natal South Africa, it has been statistically proven that mobile phones atomic number 18 the most far-flung and predominant ICTs (Information and Communications Technology) of this day and age. For starters, they are generally cheaper than computers, offer mobility, and are densely converged platforms. And most importantly Murphy states, that this has led to globalized convergence. It has back up and significantly enhanced fall ins to global networks. Smartphones have enabled constant connectivity, which one could argue is also allowed by computers, but what distinguishes the smartphone from a laptop or desktop, is the work out of mobility. mobile phones enabled connectivity between people via phone calls and tex t messages, however smartphones have disrupted this, as they have allowed connectivity that is almost unparalleled. It has allowed people to interact on social networks such as Facebook, Twitter and Linkedin, with all of these creating applications for the multiple smartphones out there. This does not only allow for enhanced communication but has enabled people to, for example via Facebook, to check in and thus publically state their current location, allowing for others to physically access them more easily it has also enabled eople to share precious moments such as holidays, graduations, holidays, a frys first steps etc. with their friends and family as soon as the picture is snapped with the smartphones cameras. It has brought about ease and efficiency in the workplace, and have allowed for employees, employers and coworkers to constantly be accessible officially via e-mail for instance, and important documents and information can be exchanged constantly. The browsers are availa ble just as they are on a laptop or desktop, and enables students and the work force alike to promptly search for things, translate documents, and research topics and so on.Students have found it to enhance their learning, and even enabled them to do entire assignments while being on the go. Additionally, smartphones are a source of recreation, ranging from music, to fun apps, games and videos. It is for these smartphones that a whole range of apps have been created. Some apps are pleasure oriented, such as those surrounding photographs, music and games others allow you to book flights or do bank transactions, while some are designed to accelerate knowledge and learning.There is no genre that has not been explored by apps, and no lifestyle and culture, preferences and tastes that they have not catered to. We will now examine the effects, both negative and positive, of smartphone in incident across different sectors. Education vault of heaven In The Impact of Mobile Access on Mo tivation Distance Education Student Perceptions, by Penn assign University, students were interviewed in regards to their usage of smartphones, as well as the benefits and drawbacks they perceived and experienced.Overall, students found smartphones to expedite learning and information, while offering the gift of mobility. Students we re able to access textbooks and course materials on their smartphones, their study time knew no barriers, as they could access the information at their ease and convenience. It was easier for them to seek help and get advice, as well as getting important class course updates from online groups and communities. Another favorite was flashcards, which students would transfer on their phones and study, especially if they were commuting, for instance on the subway.Students can even download or stream class podcasts on their phones, and listen to it at a later time, and to utilize otherwise dead time (for instance, commuting, travelling, waiting for lift/ m achine politician etc. ) This paper explored an up and coming sector, which has accelerated, and has also come to be entir ely defined by smartphones m-Learning. M stands for mobile, which in turn stands for on the continue. MLearning evolved from eLearning, since in this day and age, with the spread of smartphones and tablets, people are mobile, on the go, while they are acquiring knowledge, skill and information.According to Tella, an m-Learner can access and work on his smartphone at any given point, at any given time, and thus it means the decentralization of information handling. According to USA Today, schools and universities globally are spending a large part of their budget on smartphones and tablets as a mode to attract students to their institutions as they have realized that it is such an important element in supplementing education. However, students are not all praise either for their smartphones. They have found smartphones to be very intrusive.With the ever increasi ng pressure of studies, they feel that they cannot get away, as their smartphones are always with them, allowing them to get notifications and calls for duty by their class mates and professors alike. Also, it has made students lazy to a degree, and encouraged several to do their work in the last minute, which in turn results in many of them plagiarizing content and handing it in to the teacher right before class. Smartphones offer such an attraction and constant entertainment that students are sucked into the online world, that it greatly hinders interaction with nature and the value of face to face communication.Business Sector The Blackberry was initially marketed as a phone for the business man, and smartphone run initially were primarily for the business and industrial sector. Forrester Consulting conducted a study on RIM to ascertain the economic impact of a blackberry solution in North American enterprises. Blackberry smartphones, as well as other smartphones offer invaluabl e services and features to enterprises, such as wireless voice and information applications including push e-mail, wireless calendaring, voice, text messaging, multimedia applications, and Web browsing, to name a few.Forrester Consulting found that with the introduction of Blackberry smartphones and services, (and thus we can apply this to all smartphones over all) there was an increased productivity, greater efficiency, less wastage and a more economical utilization of time and resources. Smartphones allow enterprises and businesses to constantly be connected. Business decisions can be made promptly important files and documents can be sent, accessed, read and approved as soon as they crop up. However, a major review article to this development is the fact that the line between work time and leisure time has been blurred.No longer can an individual be separated from his work life, and it keeps invasive his personal life, family time, meal hours and so on. Mazmanian, in her 2006/2 007 study on Blackberry handhelds and services pointed out several benefits and drawbacks experienced by Blackberry users, and their gains and costs, can in effect be applied to other smartphones. On the one hand, she said it enabled monitoring communication flow and controlling message receipt, but conversely, there was a coercion to always check your blackberry, and an inability to disengage yourself from it.There are major implications in the realm on social relations, as it reduced the fibre of social life, and quality time spent with family and friends, and instant messaging applications such as Whatsapp and BBM, resulted in people spending less time together, and actually engaging in vocal communication and physical contact. Health Sector According to Boulos, Wheeler, Tavares and Jones, the health sector has found smartphones very advantageous to their industry. It has allowed for immediate access to medical sites by doctors and patients alike.Patients are able to make thei r appointments on their smartphones, with several hospitals and clinics having their own apps for this purpose. Also, patients of various diseases have apps, specific to their diseases and treatments on their phones, which allow them to monitor their health regularly and efficiently. Government Sector The government sector as well has initiated and embraced the age of m-Government, an enhanced, and rather mobile form of e-Government, as explained by Pierre Rossel, Matthias Finger and Gianluca Misuraca in Mobile e-Government Options between Technology-driven and User-centric.Through this the government attempts to invest in research and development in ICTs. It aims to maximize productivity and innovation in areas of public administration. It also aims to create a link and relationship between the government and the users of their services. As we can see from the world around us, new media is a very powerful medium, which creates a ripple effect all over society, and smartphones is ju st one of its tools. There are several disadvantages that this technology depicts, but it is hard to compete with the advantages and progress it offers across the board, in every sphere of human life.It offers limitless possibilities, and has offere d solutions and innovations in the various facets of society, from education to business, entertainment to health, whilst catering to the old and the young, cutting through cultures, nations and any other genuine or intangible barrier.BIBLIOGRAPHY New Media Basics Aids. gov http//aids. gov/using-new-media/new-media-basics/ Mobile? Convergence? and? Mobile? Adoption? Colin Dean Murphy University? of? KwaZulu? Natal South Africa http//146. 230. 128. 141/jspui/bitstream/10413/6320/1/Murphy_Colin_Dean_2012. df The Impact of Mobile Access on Motivation Distance Education Student Perceptions, Penn State University http//learningdesign. psu. edu/research/MLRTWhitePaper. pdf M-LearningCybertextual Travelling or a Herald of Post-Modern Education ? Sappo Tella, 2003 University of Helsinki http//www. helsinki. fi/tella/mlearningtella. pdf stinting Impact Of A BlackBerry Solution In North American Enterprises Forrester Consulting, 2009 http//us. blackberry. com/content/dam/blackBerry/pdf/whitePaper/northAmerica/english/Economic_I mpact_Of_BlackBerry_Devices_2. df UBIQUITOUS EMAIL INDIVIDUAL EXPERIENCES AND organizational CONSEQUENCES OF BLACKBERRY USE Mazmanian, Yates and Orlikowski MIT Sloan School of Management http//seeit. mit. edu/publications/blackberry_aom. pdf How smartphones are changing the face of mobile and participatory healthcare. Boulos, Wheeler, Tavares and Jones, 2011 http//www. biomedical-engineering-online. com/content/10/1/24 Mobile e-Government Options amid Technology-driven and User-centric Pierre Rossel, Matthias Finger and Gianluca Misuraca Ecole Polytechnique Federal de Lausanne, College of Management of Technology Switzerland http//issuu. com/academic-conferences. org/docs/ejeg-volume4-issue2-article 81 http//www. bitrebels. com/technology/the-evolution-of-smartphones-infographic/ http//www. usatoday. com/educate/devry/devry1. pdf http//sheryllam. wordpress. com/2012/06/06/the-impact-of-electric-telegraph-and-iphone-on-socialrelationships/ http//thetamnews. org/2011/09/editorial-the-impact-of-smartphones-on-student-life/ http//www. marketingtimes. com/2011/01/whats-the-impact-of-smartphones-social-media-on-ourlives/

Religion and Environmental Ethics

RELS5149 Religion and Envirno mental Ethics Student1155012742 Li Wai Tat, Victor Does Christianity overhear a Burden of Guilt in our bionomic Crisis? Introduction and Methods In 1967, Lynn White Jr. , published a cover in Science (Vol 155, 1967, pp 1203-1207) The Historical Roots of Our Ecological Crisis, which was to become a creative work on the relationship of Ecology and Christianity and had since then provoked enumerous debates on the topic.In the paper he wrote Christianity bears a huge weight down of guilt and concludes that Hence we sh entirely persist to have a worsening ecologic crisis until we reject the Christian axiom that record has no reason for existence save to serve bit. White interpret Western Christianity as seeing the gentle troopss gentleman subsisting primarily for the benefit of man, and man, bearing Gods image and sharing in great measure Gods transcendence of character, ca hire nature for his proper ends fit in to Gods will.This thesis of Whit e shall be referred to as territory Hypothesis for ease of identification in this paper. only when argon the claims in his district Hypothesis valid? Does Christianity bear a burden of guilt for the ecologic crisis of the valet de chambre? The purpose of this paper is to assess the strength of his thesis by firstly analysing what the biblical scriptures and theologians have to say with regard to the relationship of God, man and the milieu.Next the symptoms and origins of our bionomic crisis atomic number 18 auditiond, after which their ties with Western Christianity are assessed to determine whether the later has causative relationship with the former. Finally, after arriving at the conclusion, some recommendations are presented. 1 Whites Thesis Whites thesis can briefly be summarized as All forms of life dispose their contexts, and the human ladder has in one sense simply done this more than others. However, the human impact on the environment, whilst frequently detrimen tal in the past, was devoted an added impetus by Christianity in its Westernized form.Western society, as a product of Westernized Christianity, inherits an exploitative attitude to the natural world which is the key to our present ecological crisis. (Richardson, 1998) . White depict Western Christianity as seeing the world existing primarily for the benefit of man, and it is according to Gods will that man exploit nature for his proper ends. Biblical verses that ordinate to the Dominion Hypothesis Arguably the following passages from the Bible are aligned to the Dominion Hypothesis and are most frequently cited by ecology critics of the Bible. indeed God said, Let us make man in our image, after our likeness and allow them have dominion everyplace the fish of the sea, and everyplace the birds of trhe air, and over the the cattle, and over all the earth, and over every creeping thinng that creeps upon the earth So god created man in his own image, in the image of God he crea ted him male and female he created them. And God blessed them, and God said to them Be fruitful and multiply, and fill the earth and subdue it and have dominion over the fish of the sea and over every living thing that moves upon the earth. And God said, Behold, I have given you every plant yielding seed which is upon the present of all the earth, and every tree with seed in its fruit you shall have them for food. (Gen. 126-29) Yet thou has made him little less than God, and dost crown him with halo and honor. Thous hast given him dominion over the works of thy hands thous hast put all things under his feet all sheep and oxen, and likewise the beasts of the field, the birds of the air, and the fish of the sea, whatever passes along the paths of the sea. (Ps. 85-8) 2 And God blessed Noah and his sons, and said to them, Be fruitful and multiply, and fill the earth. The fear of you and the dread of you shall be upon every beast of the earth, and upon every bird of the air, upon e verything that creeps on the ground and all the fish of the sea into your hand they are delivered. Every moving thing that lives shall be food for you and as I gave you the car park plants, I give you everything. (Gen. 91-3) You have made them to be a kingdom and priests divine service our God, and they will reign on earth (Rev. 510).According to exegeses by faith scholar (Hiebert, 1996), the term dominion, from the Hebrew verb radah, implies that it grants humans the right and responsibility to rule, to govern the proportion of creation. It connotes a hierarchy of power and authority in which the human race is positioned above the rest of the natural world, although the verb radah does not itself define how this dominion is to be exercised, whether benevolently or malevolently. The laws of Leviticus, when they stipulate that household servants are not to be * control* harshly (Lev. 2543, 46, 53), imply that this sweet of dominion may be kind and humane.Yet the use of radah in the context of international relations, where it is more commonly employed, carries a decidedly more antagonistic tinge, since it signifies rule over one*s enemies. It occurs frequently in descriptions of military conquest, where it is paired with such verbs as *destroy* (Num. 2419) and *strike down* (Lev. 2617 Isa. 146). When used of the Israelite king, radah always refers to dominion over his enemies, not to rule over his own Israelite subjects, for which the verb malak, *reign,* is the usual term. confusable conclusions may be drawn about the phrase *subdue the earth* in Gen. 28. The verb *subdue,* from the Hebrew kavash, depicts a hierarchical relationship in which humans are positioned above the earth and are granted power and control over it. The verb kavash is even more forceful than radah, describing the actual act of subjugation, of forcing other into a qualified position. It is used for military conquest, where the equal phrase used in Gen. 128, *subdue the earth/land ,* can be employed to depict the devastation and byplay of conquered territory (Num. 3222, 29). It is also used of the king*s forcing his people into slavery against God*s wishes (Jer. 411, 16), and of rape (Esther 78 Neh. 55). In many of these cases, the abuse 19 of power is patently obvious. 3 Biblical verses that align to the Eco-Friendly perspective On the other hand, the following verses can be interpreted as world aligned to an EcoFriendly viewLet the heavens be glad, and let the earth rejoice let the sea roar, and all that fills it let the field exult, and everything in it Then shall all the trees of the forest sing for joy before the LORD, for he comes, for he comes to judge the earth. He will judge the world in righteousness, and the peoples in his faithfulness. (Psalm 9611-13) Praise the LORD Praise the LORD from the heavens praise him in the heights Praise him, all his angels praise him, all his hosts Praise him, sun and moon, praise him, all you shining stars Praise him, you highest heavens, and you waters above the heavens Let them praise the name of the LORD For he commanded and they were created. And he established them forever and ever he gave a decree, and it shall not pass away. a Praise the LORD from the earth, you great sea creatures and all deeps, fire and hail, light speed and mist, stormy wind fulfilling his word Mountains and all hills, fruit trees and all cedars Beasts and all livestock, creeping things and flying birds Kings of the earth and all peoples, princes and all rulers of the earth Young men and maidens together, old men and children Let them praise the name of the LORD, for his name alone is exalted his majesty is above earth and heaven. (Psalm 1481-13) *When you besiege a urban center a long time, to make war against it in order to capture it, you shall not destroy its trees by swinging an axe against them for you may eat from them, and you shall not turn out them down.For is the tree of the field a man, that it shou ld mbe besieged by you? Only the trees which you known are not fruit trees you shall destroy and cut down, that you may construct siegeworks against the city that is making war with you until it falls. (Deuteronomy 2019-20) *When you enter the land and plant any kind of fruit tree, regard its fruit as forbidden. For three years you are to consider it forbidden it must not be eaten. In the fourth year all its fruit will be holy, an offering of praise to the manufacturing business. But in the fifth year you may eat its fruit.In this way your harvest will be increased. I am the Lord your God. (Leviticus 192325) You shall not let your cattle breed with a divergent kind you shall not sow your field with two kinds of seed nor shall there come upon you a garment of cloth made of two kinds of stuff. (Leviticus 1919) For six years you shall sow your land and gather in its yield nevertheless the seventh year you shall let it rest and lie fallow, that the poor of your people may eat and what they leave the wild beasts may eat. (Exodus 23 10-11) 5 The nations were angry, and your fretfulness has come.The time has come for judging the dead, and for honor your servants the prophets and your people who revere your name, both great and small * and for destroying those who destroy the earth. * (Rev 1118) For true and righteous are his judgments for he hath judged the great whore, which did corrupt the earth with her fornication, and hath punish the blood of his servants at her hand. (Rev 192) They will neither harm nor destroy on all my holy mountain, for the earth will be filled with the knowledge of the Lord as the waters cover the sea. (Isaiah 119) The wolf and the lamb will feed together, and the lion will eat straw like the ox, but dust will be the serpents food. They will neither harm nor destroy on all my holy mountain, says the LORD. (Isaiah 6525) Theology scholars commenting on this view of nature of the Old testament wrote It is therefore fair to concl ude that nature is far from de-animated in Biblical thought. (Wybrow, 1990), The natural world may not be seen as sacred or divine in the Bible, but it is certainly not dead, lifeless, and outside the divine moral framework here are no scriptures suggesting that nature was viewed as dead matter to be manipulated by man.. (Kinsley, 1995). Referring to the theme of the kingdom of God running through the New Testament, Zerbe (1992) argues that the New Testament has significant ecological implications, he explained Isaiah*s vision of restored humanity and nature climaxes with the statement that there will no longer be any hurt or destruction in creation (Isa. 119 6525). And bathroom*s vision of judgment states that those who destroy the earth will themselves be destroyed (Rev. 1118 192).It is noteworthy that the prophetic critique of Rome in Rev. 171-194 closely connects greed and the earth*s destruction the unsatiated desire for consumption and wealth is what results in the destruc tion of people and the earth. The corresponding passages are as quoted above. 6 Alternative view Dominion Theology in Genesis 1 vs. Dependence Theology in Genesis 2 And lastly, but most importantly, consider the following two verses, both from Genesis 2Then the Lord God formed a man from the dust of the ground and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life, and the man became a living being. (Genesis 27) The Lord God took the man and put him in the Garden of Eden to work it and take care of it. (Genesis 215) What is very important to the discussion in this paper is that according to Hiebert (1996), as seeming(a) in the above verses, Genesis 2 presents an alternative to the dominion theology of Genesis 1, which he calls dependence theology. His thesis being that the first human is made of the same arable soil as are all of other forms of life and the divine breath into which his nostrils blown is the same with which all the animals live and breathe (Gen. 7 722). The parting of the human in the earth described is not that of mastery but of servanthood. In this eyeshade of creation, the theology of the human place in creation is not a theology of dominion but a theology of dependence (Hiebert, 1996). This theology is evident in other parts of Scripture, examples including Psalm 104 and the Book of Job (McKibben,1994). According to Hiebert In this tradition (Genesis 2), the human being is positioned very differently within the world of nature.Here the archetypal human is made not in the image of God but out of topsoil, out of the arable land that was cultivated by Israelite farmers (Gen. 27). As a result of this kind of creation, humans hold no distinctive position among living beings, since plants and animals also were produced from this same arable soil (29, 19). Moreover, the role assigned humans within creation in this story is not to rule (radah) and to subdue (kavash) but rather to 23 *serve* (avad Gen. 215 323). The Hebrew term avad is properly tra nslated *till* in these verses (NRSV), since it clearly refers to the cultivation of arable land.But avad is in fact the ordinary Hebrew verb *serve,* used of slaves serving masters and of humans serving God (Gen. 1216 Exod. 423). , the conflicts of Genesis I and Genesis 2 notwithstanding, there are lots of thesis arguing that there is no inconsistency between the two chapters and the ouvert differences are due to different ways in recapitulation only . (Young, 1960),(Archer, 1964),(Kitchen,1966) On another plane of our discussion, we shall now turn to a brief discussion of the historical origins of our ecological crisis. 7 The Historical Origins of our Ecological CrisisThere is general consensus that the planet earth is read/write head towards environmental catastrophe due to alarming development at different fronts the green house effect, acid rain, damage to ozone layer, deforestation, loss of biodiversity, chemical pollution, freshwater shortage, and so forth , amongst others. (Magdoff & Foster, 2011).. But how did all these pollutions started? according to Thorsheim (2006), in his book The Invention of Pollution, it all started with the use of fogy energy, which was conducive to the industrial Revolution.The first largescale commercial use of fossil energy was coal in Britain in the 1800s, which he referred to as a Faustian bargain for Britain, since on the one hand it helped to bring large wealth, advance and power to the country, whilst on the other coal also filled the air with immense smoke and acidic vapors, which was one of the origins of what we now call the green house effect and acid rain. Fossil oil as energy had also been popularized ever since Edwin L. Drake drilled the first oil well in 1853, but the impact on the environment is equally as detrimental as Coal, if not more so.The fossil energy application was conducive to the Industrial Revolution, and the Industrial Revolution had led to the advance in comfort, convenience and enjoyment, fr om dwelling comfort to transport convenience to material needs, leading to the abundance and later overabundance in supply of products. Consumerism in the past decades had eventually been invented in order to help us to recognize our needs, and due to the needs for growth of enterprises, some products have also began to be designed with built-in obsolescence.All these initiatives had contributed to the generation of ever more wastes than in the centuries before the industrial revolution, much more than can be sinked by the earth, which contributed to the chemical pollution of soil, water, which has also altered the bio-diversity of the Earth. 8 Ever since the Industrial Revolution, the consumption of energy has experienced exponential growth (see figure 1. 1). Concomitantly, different kind of detrimental impacts had been inflicted upon the ecology of the earth (see figure 1. 2).As an in-depth analysis of our ecological crisis is out of the scope of this paper, focus is now centred on the origin of the crisis, viz. the advent of fossil energy application, which shall be discussed below. Some key developments relating to fossil energy application1665 Invention of the first modern industrial steam engine by English inventor Edward Somerset which can use wood or coal as fuel 1794 starting line produce of Coal Gas by William Murdoch 1853 First refinement of Kerosene by Abraham Gesner 1859 Drilling of first Oil Well by Edwin Drake 1859 Building of the first practical self-combustion engine by Etienne Lenoir Religious background knowledge of the Inventors / Innovators Astonishingly, what the above key developments have in common, according to research by the author, is that all the inventors / innovators were Judeao-Christian in religious belief, as can be listed below according to extant data. Inventor/Innovator Place of Birth Religion Edward Somerset (1601-67) Monmouthshire, Britain Roman Catholic William Murdoch (1754 1839) Cumnock, Scotland Roman Catholic Ab raham Gesner (1797-1864) Nova Scotia, Canada Protestant Christian Edwin Drake (1819-1880) New York, U. S. A. Jewish Jean-Joseph-Etienne Lenoir (1822-1900)Mussy-la-Ville, Belgium Roman Catholic However, just as one cannot say that the inventions or innovations in fossil energy application has been due to Western Christianity, as otherwise one will fall into the post-hoc ergo procter hoc fallacy, it is likewise not valid to attribute the ecological crisis directly to Western Christianity. However, If we put the question conversely by asking that if the inventors/innovators were pantheistic, believing that the nature is sacred in itself and should be reverred, then it is highly unlikely that the inventions/innnovations had been conjured and accomplished by them.Science and Christianity It has been argued that learning and christianity are coherent to each other, A British Scientist, Robert Clark, once said we may interpret the fact scientific development has only occurred in a Chris tian culture. The ancients had brains as undecomposed as ours. In all civilizations, Babylonia, Egypt, Greece, India, Rome, Persia, China and so on, science developed to a certain point and then stopped. It is easy to argue speculatively that science might have been able to develop in the absence of Christianity, but in fact, it never did. And no wonder.For the non*Christian world felt there was something ethically wrong about science. In Greece, this conviction was enshrined in the legend of Prometheus, the fire*bearer and prototype scientist who stole fire from heaven thus incurring the wrath of the Gods. 10 Consider also these statements from renowned scientists William Thomson Do not be afraid to be free thinkers. If you think strongly enough, you will be compel by science to the belief in God. Isaac Newton This most beautiful system of the sun, planets and comets could only proceed from the counsel and dominion of an intelligent and powerful creation , Stephen HawkingIn fa ct, if one considers the possible constants and laws that could have emerged, the odds against a universe that produced life like ours are immense. Conclusion This paper has attempted to examine the hypothesis of Lynn Whites that Christianity bears significant responsibility for the earths ecological crisis. The author has attempted to typologize and quote verses from the scriptures, exegeses and writings of theologians on the Biblical scriptures depicting the relationship of God, man and nature.Whilst according to the Dominion theological perspective as discussed above, the hierarchal relationship of God-Man-Nature (see figure 1. 3) is apparent, in the Dependence theological perspective, the hierarchal relationship of God-Man God - Nature (see figure 1. 4) is also evident. God God Man Man Nature Nature Figure 1. 3 The Dominion Perspective Figure 1. 4 The Dependence Perspective separate verses as listed under the section Passages that echo Eco-Friendly also act as a counter-argum ent for the Dominion hypothesis.It would seem therefore that Whites hypothesis that Western Christianity sees the world existing primarily for the benefit of man and therefore Christianity bears a huge burden of guilt is not grounded solidly, because as mentioned above, there are many verses which encourage man to be benign to our environment, and conversely, there is no single passage asking man to abuse nature for his primarily benefit only. However, if White argued that Christians bears a burden of guilt, then it is less reputable, as explained in the next paragraph. 11If one concurs that scientific thinking is coherent to Christian belief, as discussed above, and like White argues in his paper, Western Christianity has been contributory in promoting modern science and technological advance, and from the standpoint of the analysing of advent of fossil energy as the origin of our ecological crisis, which does have unspeakable detrimental impacts to our environment, it seems evid ent that Christians do have a direct linkage to the inventions and innovations leading to the mass scale use of fossil energy, the detrimental origin to our ecological system. RecommendationsIt can be said that with subtlety in the Biblical scriptures, interpretations are often contingent upon the context and the wisdom of the readers, as inspired at different times. What can be said is that given the state of development before the advent of sciences, man had been under the perpetual threats of nature, from attacks by animals, storms, sickness to famines and other disasters. The Dominion theological perspective no doubt inspired man to develop creative thinking about mastering the nature for the betterment of his lifelihood and survival, lacking which man might still be living rather primitively.The advent of sciences and most notably the Industrial Revolution can be depicted as the synopsis of this mentality. As our civilization, technology and wisdom progresses, we should now be in a position to recognize that a Dominion mentality to the nature is detrimental to our environment and it is time that we revisit the scriptures to investigate whether we have overlooked an alternative theology in the Bible for seeing our relationship with nature-the Dependence approach, treating the nature as equals of ours, in which we serve god to ensure its goodness, and ensuring its long term sustainability to prepare for the Kingdom of God. 2 Bibliography Lynne White Jr (1967), The Historical Roots of Our Ecological Crisis, reproduced in John Barr (ed), The Environmental Handbook (London Ballantine/Friends of the Earth, 1971) pp 3-16. David Kinsley, Ecology and Religion Ecological Spirituality in Cross-Cultural Perspective (Englewood Cliffs, N. J. Prentice Hall, 1995) Richard Cameron Wybrow The Bible, Baconism, and Mastery over Nature The Old Testament and Its Moderrn Misreading (Ph.D disserrtation, McMaster University, Hamillton Ont. Canada, 1990) p. 206 Theodore Hiebert, Professor of Old Testament at McCormick Theological Seminary, Chicago, Illinois. , elbow room (Winnipeg, MB), 1996 Gordon Zerbe, Assistant Professor of New Testament at Canadian Mennonite Bible College, Winnipeg, Manitoba. , Direction (Winnipeg, MB), 1992 Howard Snyder, Liberating the Church The Ecology of Church and Kingdom (Downers Grove Inter-Varsity Press, 1983) 45-51.Young, Edward J. (1960) An Introduction to the Old Testament (Grand Rapids Eerdmans Publishing Co. ). Archer, Gleason (1964), A Survey of Old Testament Introduction (Chicago threatening Press). Kitchen, Kenneth (1966), Ancient Orient and Old Testament (London Tyndale Press). Thorsheim, Peter (2006), Inventing Pollution Coal, Smoke and Culture in Britain since 1800 13

Life Is What You Make It Essay

Play LIFE A marvellous journey, a joyous song smells of roses simply also pricking thorns. A fairy tale or an interesting story long yes this is breeding, take it, as it comes along. For a moment one is on success hunches next day may be in disaster trenches. Reaping today the crops of joy, tomorrow the land may be barren and dry. Surrounded flat by madding crowd big gang of people exactly dont feel proud. Later he may be a grieve loner with none to love in the life fair. Endowed with success, do not go too high flip of coin and good bunch may defy.Also face the challenges with a smile as even the darkest clouds will pass by. Life is continuity,no buttons to pause a school but unusual is level of class. It cons you with the problems but hidden in it are all the keys and solution. No absolutes or formulae for it are known change is what every day shown. Stocked with oodles of energy piecemeal that fills it with enthusiasm and zeal. It has a few painful separations but also so me strengthening bonds of relation. It has myriad colours and emotions sorrow and joy in equal sessions.SO Share, care and love your dears no point in clinging on to your fears. For trifling grudges it is too short do not let the failures you to thwart. never hurt others, choices might distract just sincerely follow your heart. Even amidst the agony never fret do the best with what you get. Do not sustain hope, keep learning new skill march forward, life is a total thrill. Live without inhibition as life is about surprises and wonderment. Instead of logic trust your intuition have daily goals be it health or relation.Commit mistakes, you have every right face it courageously with all the might. Do not envy but live uncluttered fall in love anytime u want with whatever. First learn to enjoy and use the impersonate life will be then much more pleasant. So just a small adage to say life is nothing but a stage play. Live every moment as it unfolds each day is a new chapter to be told . Inevitable, lively and unpredictable this trek of life is really adventurous. Nothing ventured, nothing gained is what they say so go ahead and have your share of play

John Proctor’s Conflict Between Personal Identity and Public Image

Society labels individuals to have certain object lessons, values, and ideas that most often are contradicted by what the individuals own self-image. In Arthur Millers novel The Crucible the hero , John monitoring device, is challenged by his desire to maintain his high social standing in the community even though he be finesseves himself to be majorly flawed. John Proctor lives within a rigid, theocratic Puritan society which condemns miscreants. His essential conflict was the difference between the images of his own personal identity and that which society produced.John Proctor thought himself to be a fraud and therefore, believed he should not be held in such high social regard. The community looked up to him as an honest, good, hard-working man, in Proctors presence a view felt his foolishness instantly(Miller20). Unfortunately , Proctors innate impulses caused he much internal turmoil, he is a sinner, a sinner not only against the clean-living fashion of the time, but agai nst his own vision of decent conduct (Miller20). His extramarital affair with Abigail Williams, a seventeen year old ex-servant, defiled his own moral code.It besmirched him in the eyes of God, his wife Elizabeth, and himself. Proctor lacks the capacity to forgive his transgressions because he cannot seem to wash away(predicate) his sins. Even though most of the people about him see him in a positive light, he feels a strong sense of guilt, ( Elizabeth to Proctor) I do not judge you. The magistrate sits in your heart that resolve you. I never thought you but a good man, John Proctor(Miller 55). Because of Proctors guilt over the sordid relationship between him and Abigail he deems his domain image to a be facade.Living under this pretense causes him much anguish though out the book. Proctor is reluctant to give up his public fear and confess to his sins. Proctor knows that he is a charlatan but does not want to cheapen his identity. His greatest possession is the respect and int egrity associated with his good name. In the court room Proctor explains why he did not confess earlier that Abigail was a harlot Oh Francis, I wish you had some evil in you that you might know me To Danforth A man will not cast away his good name. You surely know that(Miller110).Proctor dreads revealing his sin because the guilt and tribulation already overwhelms him. He believes that a public dis cultivate of his wrongdoings will only intensify the extent of his sin, magnifying his guilt. In such a small community, if he were to call out his indecency, then it would perpetually disgrace his entire family. The guilt that would result from damming his family and himself would be immense. Instead of letting the town know that the girls allegations are false, Proctor tries to down play the extent of the hysteria so that he may feel more than at ease.Proctors response to Elizabeth when she informs him about the court and possible hangings is scoffing, but not without faith Ah, th eyd never hang- (Miller52). Proctor envisions of every possible way he can think of to save his wife without condemning himself in the process but lastly realizes that the only way she will survive is by killing his image. Proctor eventually understands that personal identity is more important than a public image. not until the very end of the story does Proctors conflict between his personal identity and public image becomes resolved.John sees less significance in his public image and becomes more concerned about his personal identity. Even though John has admitted to lechery, the public still holds him with a sense of elevated admiration. A preponderance of the people did not want to see Proctor hang even people who strongly disliked him like Reverend Paris. If Proctor signs a written confession stating he is a witch, then he would set free and able to live out the rest of his life in comfort with his family. A stipulation in signing the contract is that it will be posted in the t own for all to see.Proctor is unable to allow that to happen because it destroys any dignity left he has. The rest of his life would be based off deception and sin. Proctor Because it is my name Because I cannot have another in my life Because I lie and sign myself to lies Because I am not worth the dust on the feet of them that hang How may I live without my name? I have given(p) you my soul leave my name (Miller143) Proctor was willing to spoil is public standing with the comprise that he may live among his family .But, he found himself unwillingly to sign over his personal identity to a lie. Because of this resistance, Proctor was hanged for a crime that he did not commit. Though he was wrongfully executed , Proctor died while maintaining a sense of integrity and morality. Hale- Woman, plead with him Woman It is pride, it is vanity. Be his helper -What profit him to bleed? Shall the dust praise him? Shall the worms declare his truth? Go to him, take his shame away Elizabeth-He have his goodness now. God forbid I take it from him (Miller 145) Proctor finally was able to wipe away his facade that societal pressures placed upon him. He expelled his guilt and sin and was ultimately able to gain back his virtue. John Proctors most demanding struggle was between who he believed himself to be and what society believed him to be. His sins caused tension surrounding his outward appearance and his inward self. Millers book helps to illustrate how one overcomes the battle of such contention. Every human organism has his or her own defects, but to develop into better people, we must learn to conquer these shortcomings.

An End to Animal Abuse Essay

Animals be dying all over the world and becoming jeopardize species mostly because of animal abuse and cruelty (James Gorman). It is a worldwide problem that will continue unless deal are concerned about it or stop doing it. There should be more laws adjust pincer labor. Animal abuse stops scientists from researching animals. Animals become endangered species. It also causes psychological effect. Animal abuse mustiness be abolished. One originator animal abuse must be abolished is because it stops scientists from researching other animals. Researching animals helped garner medicines for terrible diseases. (James Gorman). One endangered animal is the chimpanzee, which is endangered because of being trapped in cages. Another reason animal abuse should be abolished is that animals die and become endangered species.Breeds of horses face endangerment and extinction because of animal abuse. (www.horsetradition.com). These horses force slaughtered by people for their meat because p eople think horses can cure HIV. Some horses are killed because of religion. choke reason animal abuse should be abolished is that animal abuse causes psychological effect. This means animals are start and aggressive because of being injured and hurt. The most negative thing about animal abuse is psychological effect. (James Gorman).As you can see, there are many reasons why there should be more laws regulating animal abuse. Animals getting injured and hurt badly causes many horrible things. It makes scientists give up on their research on animals, animals get close to endangerment or extinction, and most importantly, it will cause effects when animals are hurt. If you see animals getting abused or treated bad, call the ASPCA. They are professionals and save and find homes for animals all(prenominal) day.

Dowry Problem in India Essay

Gandhi ji said- whatever young man who defers fate fo stoolting get married , disrespects his education, country and womanhood. Our society is full of condemnable systems. One of those evil systems is helping. Dowry is defined as the price paid by parents to get their daughters married as well for getting them the place in the family which they deserve. Over the years cases of lot harassment and cases of dowry deaths have multiplied. In Hindu marriage system, a system termed as kanyaddan is performed in which the bride is given to the economize and in-laws along with huge sums of money, furniture, house, car, etc. or more precisely bride along with dowry. The dowry system has reborn something as pure as marriage into a business transaction and the bride into a saleable good or a key to more money.Debts are taken so that the grooms family flush toilet be provided with a large dowry. This creates a burden on the brides family. Girls begin to think of themselves as a burden o n their families and accept spinsterhood as their fate or commit suicide. Dowry has also led to an increase in female feticide and female infanticide which has greatly affected the male-female ratio in the country. Heavy dowry is demanded for educated boys. This has ruined the lives of many brilliant girls. Brilliant, educated and economically independent girls cannot get married to so-called educated boys because their parents cannot provide their in-laws with a huge dowry demanded by them. Even by and by marriage much(prenominal) girls are tortured to bring in more money, and ultimately, they either commit suicide or lose their mental balance. People who believe in taking dowry say that dowry acts as a financial help to the newlyweds. They say that while marriage acts as a look insurance for girls, marriage acts as its premium.They also say that a girl who carries a respectable list of dowry to her husband and in-laws feels confident while a girl who carries a less amount of dowry feels uncomfortable and apprehensive. In 1961, the government passed the Dowry Prohibition Act to abolish the dowry system. However, this act, instead of settling dowry, took its roots to a deeper level in the society. It is said that on an average one woman is be killed in every four hours n the issue of dowry in India. However, strong public rejection is world noticed on the issue of dowry among the youth. They are not ready to give or take dowry for getting married. They are really coming forward to abolish the evil. Our societyneeds such responsible youth to abolish the evil system of dowry in India. There is finally a positive beam of trip shown in utmost darkness, but to convert this positive beam of light into utmost lightness, we, the common people of India have to take effective remedial steps We should start a strong propaganda to abolish the evil. People should make demonstrations against those who take dowry. Strict laws should be passed to prohibit taking and grown dowry. Young girls should take serious action when their family is demanded with dowry. Proper education should be imparted to girls as well as they should be made economically independent to accelerate the process. Love marriages, inter-caste marriages as well as inter-provisional marriages may also help. Cases of dowry free marriages should be the news item on the bulletin. This will encourage the youth. sort out now, in our society, a man who does not marry for love, learns to marry for possessions. We have to change the picture. SAY NO TO DOWRY

Pittsburgh – the Most Livable City!

Towns and cities have a long history. In the ancient world cities were developed in a number of regions and for a variety of reasons and motivation from religious to political views. The first true cities argon sometimes considered to be large settlements where the inhabitants were no longer simply farmers of the surrounding argona, besides began to take on specialized occupations, and where trade, food storage and power was centralized (Gracias, par. 1). An ancient Greek philosopher, Plato, has once said, This city is what it is because our citizens are what they are.A metropolis is a home for hundreds of people and is shaped by decisions, views and knowledge of those people. These years when we look up in the dictionary for the word city it is defined as a come to of population, commerce, culture, and a town of satisfying size and importance. However, with each day cities worldwide grow, improve, and change simultaneously. Based on the technological globalization cities are m oving toward becoming the centers of knowledge and learning. In fifty years from now, we volition no longer view cities simply as an inhabited place of greater size, because 21st degree Celsius is taking the meaning of a city to a whole clean level.We will face new intelligent cities, which use technology and communication to create more efficient elans in damage of competitiveness, innovation, environment, energy, utilities, governance, and delivery of services to the citizens. Each city within our country is competing to attract more population, build a remarkable reputation and become number one. This year Forbes Magazine, the online magazine for the latest business and financial intelligence operation and analysis, recognised the city of Pittsburgh as the Statess Most Livable Cities for the second time (Levy, 1/2).However, as always there are many controversies about what it means to be the most liveable city. Well, majority would think that livability would have to do wit h finding a good job. However, the word inhabitable by itself means suitable for living. So the question is, what criteria does Forbes magazine establishes to define liveable. According to the magazine it examined Americas 200 largest cities and used the by-line quintuplet points of data to determine the top cities growth in income, unemployment rate, crime, monetary value of living, art and leisure (Levy 1/2).If you have never been to Pittsburgh, you whitethorn wonder about why in the world it was named the most inhabitable city? Maybe twenty years ago there was cypher significant about Pittsburgh, precisely now there are many thriving gamy-tech firms that observe to form and make their mark (Florida 13/14). There are signs of life in the social and ethnical environment as tumesce. The regions immigrant population has begun to tick upward, fed by students and professors at the universities and employees in the medical and technology sectors (13/14).Theres no doubt that Pi ttsburgh is one of the most livable and industrially advance cities in America. Each city possesses a unique historical and geographical background, which is what makes it significant and gives the city its sense of identity. Pittsburgh is a city known for its culture, history and accessibility. Named after William Penn the elder, the 18th coke British hot flash Minister, Pittsburgh was once the heart of Americas steel industry, its notorious smog earning it the nickname hell with the palpebra off (Owen, par. 1).In the late nineteenth and early 20th centuries, the city was home to many of Americas most successful robber baron industrialists, including Andrew Carnegie, Henry Clay Frick, and the Mellon brothers, as well as Henry John Heinz, the founder of the Heinz food company. In the 1970s and 80s, the city transformed its economy following the collapse of the steel industry with the healthcare and several respected universities now key employers (par. 1).In the 19th and 20th cen turies, wealthy businessmen and nonprofit organizations donated millions of dollars to create educational and cultural institutions (Pittsburgh, pars. -5). As a take in this rich legacy of community investment and involvement, the city has built the foundation of the rich cultural and artistic environment. The 14-block Cultural District is unique and is home to the world-renowned Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra, Pittsburgh Ballet Theatre, Pittsburgh Opera, Pittsburgh Dance Council, PNC Broadway Series, Pittsburgh Public family and the new August Wilson Center for African American Culture (pars. 4-5). Few cities can compare to this vivacious Cultural District alive with live theater, art and numerous restaurants.Its famous son is probably Andy Warhol, who is renowned in an impressive museum on the citys North Shore. The museum has achieved worldwide recognition for devoting large-scale inductive reasoning art. Therefore, throughout the city and the region, galleries and museums of fer everything from the cutting-edge to the classics (pars. 4-5). The entertainment is endless and the quality and variety are nifty and fantastic. Pittsburgh has launched a multitude of programs to diversify the regions economy away from heavy industry into high technology (Florida, 3/14).It has rebuilt its downtown virtually from scratch, invested in a new airport, and developed a ample new sport complex for its professional sport teams because of its long sport history and dedication. Pittsburghs football game team, the Steelers, who play to a packed stadium on the Ohio River, are another example of success, and were the winners of the 2009 Super Bowl, objet dart the ice hockey team, the Penguins, won the 2009 Stanley Cup (3/14). Indeed, Pittsburghs art scene, job presence, safety, and affordability make it the most livable city in the country, according to measures studied.Compared with many large cities, home prices in Pittsburgh are more low-priced (Powell, par. 1). Recen t surveys indicate an come home price in Pittsburgh of ranging from about $110,000 to $162,000 for a single family home, which is about 40% below the national average price (par. 1). The housing market is relatively stable in spite of a national subprime mortgage crisis, and Pittsburgh added jobs in 2008 even as the national economy entered a significant jobs recession.This story of regeneration was the inspiration for President Barack Obama to personally select Pittsburgh as the host city for the 2009 G20 front (Owen, par. 1). Pittsburghs strong university presence with over a dozen colleges or campuses helps encourage its livability. Because Pittsburgh is one of the largest college cities it in general has a younger, more educated and consumer-oriented population. One of its famous universities is Carnegie Mellon, one of the worlds tether centers for research in information technology (Florida, 2/14).Right down the street from Carnegie Mellon campus, is located the University of Pittsburgh, which has a world-class medical center. Pittsburgh attracts hundreds of millions of dollars per year in university research funding and is the sixth-largest center for college and university students on a per capita background in the country (2/14). Another factor enhancing Pittsburghs livability is that area residents face very little fortune of encountering a natural disaster, such as an earthquake, hurricane, wildfire, or tornado compared to other cities (Improving, 1/1).Pittsburgh is also a great place to raise a family, based on income growth over the past five years and the current unemployment rate (Pittsburgh, par. 6). Therefore, the city is more livable if a familys income goes further. Pittsburgh is as well ranked among the top 10 metropolitan areas in the nation for climates favorable to business expansion (Pittsburgh Law, pars. 4-5). The city is one of the most industrially advanced based on technology, retail, finance, and medicine (pars. 4-5).What I me an by industrially advance is that the city is home and headquarters to major global financial institutions, including PNC Financial Services, PPG Industries, U. S. Steel, H. J. Heinz Company, CONSOL Energy, Google Corporation, and others (pars 4-5). Our City has come a long way and Im thrilled that Forbes. com has once again recognized Pittsburghs unique position as a City that truly has it all entertainment and affordability, but most important, safety and jobs, Pittsburgh Mayor Luke Ravenstahl said (Pittsburgh Ranked, 1/1). Its important that we look to these ratings as an opportunity to not only tell our good story and attract more people and businesses to Pittsburgh, but to roll up our sleeves and work on getting even safer, creating more jobs, and being more livable (1/1). The word livable carries the connotation of a place being suitable for a living. The Forbes magazine defines livable by establishing certain criteria that the city must satisfy to be recognized as Americas most livable city.Pittsburgh has outranked all 200 cities nationwide and was honored to stand out as a powerful example of what is a livable city and how to create new jobs and industries while transforming to 21st century economy. No one is claiming that Pittsburgh is a perfect city. Its simply livable and beautiful. Theres no doubt that Pittsburgh is on the map when it comes to arts and culture , income growth, stable unemployment rate, low crime rates and average costs of living . However, theres more about Pittsburgh than just statistics and rankings. Some people may perhaps enjoy Pittsburgh simply for its marvelous fall season.Where the nights get shorter, the wind blows brisker, and the trees shed their green, making way for coral, mustard, and flame. As you walk through dozens of neighborhoods of every stripe and character you discover that Pittsburgh feels like home. turn over hills, wooded glens, dog walks, and unbelievable views of the sky can make you forget about all t hat breeding you have to do for school or work. All the lists and web articles in the world cant convince you that Pittsburgh is the most livable and perfect place, but a visit here just might.

Compare and contrast the characters Curley’s Wife from ‘Of Mice and Men’ and Mally from ‘Malachi’s Cove’ Essay

There argon lots of contrasts and comparisons between Curleys Wife from Of Mice and Men and Mally from Malachis Cove.Of Mice and Men is set in calcium about 1930s, when the great depression hit the world whereas Malachis Cove is set in Victorian England.In Of Mice and Men Curleys Wife is described as a tramp, bitch, Jail-bait and a rat-trap. This suggests to the indorser that she may have had a bad past or because of her playful personality, whilst Mally is described as a well respected person, the pile spoke well of Mally because she was so good to her grandfather. This possibly suggests to the endorser that Mally is well known for her very noble personality. Steinbeck and Trollope both use language that shows the characters true personality in this case Curleys Wife and Mally. Curleys wife is described as a tramp which could plug in to her attitude to prove a point.In Of Mice and Men Steinbeck doesnt give Curleys Wife a name, this may suggest to the reader that she is not impor tant to the storyline, but you could also argue that Steinbeck left Curleys Wife without a name because, he wanted to emphise on Curleys Wife, and to warn the other men, on the ranch to stay away because, she is married to Curley, the bosses son. Alternatively Mally does not have a name in the novel this may suggest that Mally is one of the more important characters in the novel Malachis CoveIn the novel Of Mice and Men Steinbeck describes Curleys Wife as heavily do upshe had full rouged lips and wide-spaced eyes and her hair rolled up in little clusters whilst Trollope describes Mally as Wild-looking, almost unearthly prick with wild-flowing black uncombed hair. This suggests to the reader that Mally never exercises any of those feminine attractions whereas Curleys Wife made the effort to dress up even though the clothes she wears might not be suited for working on the ranch. Curleys Wife is described ad heavily made up this may be because she is insecure with herself, whereas Mally is described as having a lot of confidence because she doesnt care what people think about her appearance.

Operations management Essay

McDonalds Corporation is the worlds largest chain of devalued- diet for thought restaurants. Theyve proudly served much than 46 cardinal customers in 59 different countries and currently have more than 30,000 different repairs worldwide. The fast food intentness is booming at a rapid rate, especially the health conscious food options. With this in mind, McDonalds has a strategic plan to stay on teetotum of their competitors by providing consumers with afford competent prices, great service, and more healthy meal options. McDonalds is competitive in m whatsoever categories, including price, gauge, commission and employee training. Consumers trust McDonalds products beca utilisation they use many of the same trusted brands that families buy at local grocery stores.Operations StrategyIn many companies, the make out to success is often an trading operations-based advantage. Superior operations effectiveness not only serves to buttressing a political partys existing competitiv e position, but, when based on capabilities that argon embedded in the companys people and operating processes, is inherently difficult to imitate. R. H. Hayes and D. M. Upton, Opeations-based Strategy. California focus Review, Summer, 1998. McDonalds utilizes an excellent operations outline in order to gain a larger market parting and increase value to the shareholders.The corporation specifically focuses on urge, standardization, quality, and affordability. McDonalds has moved ahead of the competition by counseling on these factors. McDonalds competes on three main bases, such as speed, affordability, and standardization, mainly to make their customers happy. by means of extensive market research and surveys, the organization discovered that its customers desired speed as wizard of the restaurants top priorities. so, McDonalds vision aims to provide fast, friendly and accurate service (McDonalds Worldwide).McDonalds recognize that specific targets are necessary to measure the performance of speed therefore, they continuously take relevant measurements to differentiate actual performance with desired targets. From the customers order, to the making of the burger, and till the customer leaves the restaurant, speed is a key factor in McDonalds operation strategy.To reduce the amount of time it takes to provide services, the company uses standardized training processes for its employees and new drive-thru layouts. Along with speed, McDonalds alike competes by offering prices at a low cost. McDonalds organization recently underwent drastic strategy changes to better serve their customers. Under their introductory system, the company would make several sandwiches at once, and hold the sandwiches in a warming bin until purchased by a customer. Under this system, management had to precisely predict how much food had to be put on hold. Precise prediction had to be used because if there were not enough food placed on hold, this would create the problem of increase waiting times for customers, and too much food would cause beetle off of expired items. McDonalds dramatically changed their strategy in order to stay competitive with another(prenominal) fast food organizations.Product incurmentOrganisations exist to provide products and services which buns be purchased by other organisations or an individual. Therefore planning of products and services is integrity of the close important operations of any organisation. It involves invention products with both economy and quality in mind, which a customer will find attractive, be fitting to understand and promptly able to use with minimum risk and which delights him or her by its performance or flavour or durability and so on (Bicheno, 2002 p51) In McDonalds Restaurants, product development is a key operation. It has to conserve on adding new products to its menu so as to meet the necessitate of the customers as their needs and preferences are constantly changing. For instance, the increasing preference of consumers towards healthy food made the restaurant add healthier food items to its menu. Similarly it has to add new products for different seasons, for examples hot coffee in winter and milkshakes in summer. Capacity ControlThe second operation decision important for organisations is strength planning. Capacity planning and take in is the task of setting the effective capacity of the operation so that it hind end respond to the demands placed upon it. This usually means determining how the operation should respond to fluctuations in demand. Operations managers usually distinguish between short, mediocre and long-term capacity decisions. For short- and medium-term capacity planning, the capacity level of the operation is adjusted within the fixed personal limits that are set by long-term capacity decisions. This is also referred to as aggregate planning and swan because it is necessary to aggregate the various types of output from an operation i nto one figure.(source http//www.mas.dti.gov.uk/content/resources/categories/fact/FACT_Capacity_planning.html) In McDonalds Restaurant, the operations managers have to set its capacity of making food items in such a way that it responds quickly to the demands of those items in peak hours which is actually important for a fast food restaurant like McDonalds. It also have to make sure that it has enough stock of ingredients to prepare food items which is very important because if one ingredients fall short then the whole process of making food may halt. For instance if the shtup required for making hamburgers falls short then the restaurant may not be able to sell any hamburgers even if it has enough quantities of other ingredients. Facility locationLocation planning is one of the important operations that every organisation carries out and it is essentially one of the critical success factors for any organisation. Success or failure of any organisation may well depend on the locati on where it is situated. Therefore it is very important for businesses to choose an ideal location. Businesses may choose location on the understructure of various factors such as proximity to the source of raw material, cost-effectiveness, proximity to customers or suppliers, competition in the area, transportation availability and cost, availability of resources, and availability of right labour.McDonalds Restaurants also have to plan their location in such a way so that maximum customers visit their restaurants. Therefore McDonalds prefer locations such that it can have large customer base, transport access and availability of parking space. Moreover it also prefers locations that are suitable for raw material delivery that is availability of ample space for deliveries of raw material. Process digitAfter developing the product the businesses have to develop processes for making and supporting the product. Organisations have to identify get hold of processes which will be neede d to achieve required level of output of the planned goods and services at right quality standards. Organisation considers both the conventional methods in which the organisation has handled and processed its products and services and the thinkable alternatives which currently present themselves. That is, it considers the advancement of technology, computing power, and evolving managerial expertise.Bicheno, 2002 p99 In McDonalds restaurant also, the operations manager develop and establishes the process of cooking food items so that food is prepared using that method which helps them to swan the speed and the quality of the food. Moreover it also designs processes so that the health, safety and hygiene issues are taken into consideration. Also the managers keep on introducing latest equipments with the advancement of technology so as to bring pace, perfection and quality in the product. Layout DesignLayout is the arrangement of facility to provide working, service and reception, storage and administrative areas. The layout is designed by traditional techniques using templates, scale plans, string diagrams, and travel charting as they have been proved as low-cost methods of achieving either optimal or near optimal layout plans. Poor layouts can greatly reduce the overall capacity and overall productivity.Therefore care must be taken by organisation when designing layout. (Bicheno, 2002 p121) In McDonalds Restaurant also layout designing is a very important operation. A proper layout of the equipments in the kitchen is very essential to ensure preparation of quality food in less time. It also designs its layout keeping in mind the health and safety issues. It also designs layout in such a way that needs of direction is minimised. another(prenominal) factor that is considered is the cost of production which also depends on the layout. .Inventory ManagementInventory management is another important operation of any organisation. It involves choosing the best m ethod of store mince. While choosing the method of inventory control, the organisations must keep in mind the expected demands of the products. The basis on which the organisations choose their methods of inventory control may differ but the common idea is to ensure that the mix of inventory types is able to take customer needsand deliver the required profitability and cash flows. In McDonalds the inventory is managed on the basis of First-In-First-Out basis.This is because most of the inventory consists of perishable items. Therefore delivery of inventory happens thrice or more times a week depending on the business of the restaurant. Moreover inventory is stored in freezer with proper packaging so as to ensure freshness of the food items. All this activities comes under inventory management of the organisation. Quality ManagementQuality management consists of maintaining the quality of the goods and services so as to meet the minimum requirements laid by the industry. Moreover it is important so as to keep up the reputation of the organisation. To manage and maintain the quality of the products and services the organisation may adopt a number of practices like quality checks procedure etc. Quality in McDonald restaurant is very important because of two reasons. Firstly because of the legal requirements of the quality of food served. Secondly ,to keep up the good reputation which McDonalds restaurants have earned over the years. Quality of food can be very difficult to maintain and therefore McDonalds restaurant carry on a number of practices to make sure that quality food is served. Some of these practices are the visits by the food examiner from the head office, supervisor checks etc. MaintenanceMaintenance means preservation of the things in the organisation. In simpleton words, maintenance is way of protecting your production workers, office workers, drivers, and all the other users of your organizations assets. (http//www.maintenanceresources.com/Refe renceLibrary/MaintenanceManagement/The_Battle_of_Maintenance.htm) In McDonalds, there are several equipments that are used for the preparation of food. Therefore it is very important to maintain and service those equipments so as to maintain the quality of the product, safety of the employees and to avoid further costs of repairing machines. Another important things that needs maintenance are hygiene, costs, quality etc. CONCLUSIONTherefore we conclude that operations management is very important for any organisations as they have a relationship with the overall strategy of the organisation. Operations management contributes to the strategy and therefore helps the organisation to gain competitive advantage. For instance, process planning can help the organisation reduce cost and gain cost advantages and therefore gain competitive advantage. Therefore the organisations must effectively manage the operations of the business as it has a massive effect on the strategy of the organisatio n BibilgraphyChase, R., Jacobs, F., Aquilano, N. Operations Management for Competitive Advantage (10th Edition). McGraw-Hill Irwin Boston 2004. Howard, Lisa. Suppliers. June 19, 2003. Accessed online on November 8, 2004 at . Kerin, R., Berkowitz, E., Hartley, S., Rudelius, W. merchandising (7th Edition). McGraw- Hill Irwin Boston 2003. Lessnau, Ronald, Current McDonalds Owner. Personal Interview McDonalds Worldwide Corporate debt instrument Report 2004. Accessed online on October Phillips, Eddie, Prior McDonalds Manager, Personal Interview, Phillips, Kenny, Current McDonalds Manager. Personal Interview, October 27, 2010 Restaurant Management. McDonalds Restaurant Management Careers. Accessed online Zuber, Amy. Big Mac, Big Value McD to Lower Prices Accessed online at http//www.findarticles.com/p/articles /mi_m3190/is_50_35/ai_80748686.View as multi-pagesTopics in this document